Radiological Morphometric Study of Angle of Inclination in Adult Human Femur from North India

Background: The femur is one of the long bones being thoroughly studied anatomically and has three parts; proximal, distal end and a long shaft. The angle between femur neck and angle with the long axis of shaft, are known as neck-shaft angle, collodiaphyseal angle, and also known as cervico-diaphyseal angle, angle of inclination, and femoral carrying angle, Neck – shaft angle is important regarding its stability, control of lateral balance, walking and facilitates hip movement. It varies with age, body structure, width of pelvis, being less in adult in persons short with limbs and in women. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy and department of radiology Government medical college Saharanpur, uttarprades, The antero-posterior view of pelvic radiograph taken from the Department of Radiology Government medical college Saharanpur, uttarprades.the70 samples were included in the study. Results: The mean right angle of inclination was 126.760±4.330 with range 1180-1350 and left angle of inclination was 128.100±5.340 with range 1180-1360. The overall angle of inclination was 127.420±4.530 with range 118.50-1350. Conclusion: The angle of inclination in adult human femur gives a basic structural and functional knowledge to prevent the abnormality with the help of orthopedic surgeon and society and mentian the stability, control of lateral balance, walking and facilitates hip joint movement, helpful to understand different aspect of clinical disease conditions, including changes in osteoporosis, common site of fracture, associated congenital anomalies as well as medicolegal cases.

Gallbladder wall thickening at ultrasonography – A review

The aim of the present review was providing help for the assessment of the correct interpretation of gallbladder wall thickening and differential diagnosis at ultrasonography Gallbladder wall thickening is a frequent son graphic finding and has been subject of great interest for being considered as a hallmark feature of acute cholecystitis, despite the fact that such a finding is observed in a number of other medical conditions An appropriate characterization and interpretation of ultrasonography finding are of great importance, considering that the correct diagnosis has a direct impact on the treatment that in some cases includes surgery In this article, describe a set of son graphic finding that is an association with the clinical and laboratory findings can reduce the number of diagnostic hypotheses allowing a more accurate establishment of the cause for gallbladder wall thickening through a rational data evaluation Sonography is used as the initial imaging technique for evaluating patients with suspected acute calculus cholecystitis because of its high sensitivity at the detection of GB stones, real-time character, speed, and portability Cholescintigraphy has the highest sensitivity and specificity in the patients who are suspected of having acute cholecystitis The use of cholescintigraphy is limited in clinical practice Due to a combination of reasons including logistic drawbacks, broad imaging capability, and clinician referral pattern CT is particularly useful for evaluating the many complicated cases of acute calculous cholecystitis Relatively high cost of MRI and lack of widespread availability the MRI is prohibits its primary use in the patients with acute calculous cholecystitis The US are currently considered the preferred initial imaging technique for patients who are clinically suspected of having acute calculous cholecystitis

Phylogenetic Variation of Muscle Flexor Digitorum Brevis- Rare Variation on the Right Foot.

Background: Flexor digitorum breves is an intrinsic muscle of the sole of the foot that lies superior to the central part of planter apponurosis and inferior to the tendons of flexor digitorum longus. This flat spindle shaped muscle arise from the medial process of tuber calcanei, proximal part of planter apponurosis, inter muscular septa and adjacent fascial layers. The muscle fiber conver anteriorly forming four tendons one each for the four lateral toes at the bases of proximal phalenges each tendon splits into two slips around the tendon of flexor digitorum longus, reunites into a chiasma, devides again to insert into margins of intermediate phalenges of lateral four toes. Methods: This study was carried out by routine dissection classes for undergraduate medical students classes from July 2010 to January 2014 in the department of anatomy, Teerthanker Mahaveer medical college Moradabad; department of anatomy, Rama medical college Kanpur; Department of Anatomy, Hamdard Institute of Medical Science & Research, Jamia Hamdard New Delhi. Total no. of 80 cadavers (48 male and 32 female) all the cadavers were been preserved in 10% of formalin and age ranged between 45 to 67 years. Results: Summarising the result indicates out of 80 cadavers 25% were having none anatomical variation, 46% of cadavers had bilateral absence of tendon for fifth toe of flexor digitorum breves while 18% of cadavers having variation on the left foot and rare 9% of cadavers were represented having variation on the right foot while the left foot was anatomically normal. Conclusion: Variation of flexor digitorum breves may occur as phylogenetical changes due to minimal use of little toe in evolved bipedal posture.

Differential Criteria to Evaluate Parasite (Plasmodium) and Bacteria (Salmonella) for Diagnosis of Malaria and Typhoid Fever.

Background: In the investigation of fever, Malaria and Typhoid are major health problems in tropical and subtropical countries. Both cause significant morbidity, mortality and economic loss. The aim of study is to evaluate the prevalence of Malaria and Typhoid. Methods: Five hundred three samples were collected from patients suspected for malaria and typhoid fever. Peripheral blood smears (thick and thin) were used for microscopic examination and also malaria card test used for malaria parasite. For Typhoid, Widal agglutination test and Typhi dot IgG/IgM conducted for the identification of antibodies. Result: The study indicated that out of 503 patients, in which 158 male (69%) followed by 71 female (31%) were found positive. The prevalence rate of infection was 45.52%. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of malaria and typhoid fever was high. Salmonella typhi appears to be the most prevalent species infecting people. In other studies prevalence rate were quite low. Most of the studies should be done on the other determinants of plasmodium, salmonella and their co-infection in different format of diagnosis and case study.

Ailing medical services in India.

This was the scene in an accident and emergency department in a tertiary hospital of New Delhi: the patient had sustained poly-trauma in a high-speed road traffic accident, but lay unattended, on the road, because the police had not arrived, and bystanders did not attempt to help the victim for fear of legal consequences. After the arrival of the police, the patient was transported to the hospital. However, without primary medical treatment and without knowledge of the status of his cervical spine, he was repeatedly pulled up and down by laymen.